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Downloaded from
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Official YIFY movies site:
YTS.BZ
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NUREMBERG
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Its Lesson for Today
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Including authentic film material
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compiled by U.S. Military Government
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It was 1945.
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The war was over.
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Slowly, painfully, life came back
to the ruins of Europe.
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The war was over,
but there was no peace.
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Despair crouched over the continent.
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Hopelessness circled Europe
like a bird of prey.
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Why?
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What were the forces?
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What were the issues in a war
that turned nations into rubble heaps
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and populations into beggars?
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The people wanted the answers.
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They wanted to know
what happened, and why.
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They wanted to know
what happened, and why.
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In the palace of justice in Nuremberg,
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the people of the world came together.
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For there sat
the International Military Tribunal
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to judge the chief Nazi war criminals.
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Hermann Göring
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Rudolf Hess
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Joachim von Ribbentrop
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Wilhelm Keitel
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Ernst Kaltenbrunner
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Alfred Rosenberg
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Hans Frank
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Wilhelm Frick
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Julius Streicher
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Walter Funk
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Hjalmar Schacht
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Karl Dönitz
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Erich Raeder
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Baldur von Schirach
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Fritz Sauckel
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Alfred Jodl
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Martin Bormann
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Franz von Papen
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Arthur Seyss-Inquart
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Albert Speer
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Constantin von Neurath
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Hans Fritzsche
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As individuals, and as members of the
political leadership of the German Reich
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and National Socialist Workers Party,
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including the Intelligence Service,
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Gestapo, Storm Troopers,
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General Staff and High Command
of the German wehrmacht.
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Justice Robert H. Jackson,
the chief American prosecutor,
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makes the opening statement
for the prosecution.
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The privilege of opening
the first trial in history
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for crimes
against the peace of the world
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imposes a grave responsibility.
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The wrongs which we seek
to condemn and punish,
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have been so calculated,
so malignant and so devastating,
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that civilization cannot tolerate
their being ignored,
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because it cannot survive
their being repeated.
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That four great nations, flushed
with victory and stung with injury,
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stay the hand of vengeance
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and voluntarily submit
their captive enemies
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to the judgment of the law
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is one of the most significant tributes
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that power has ever paid to reason.
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This inquest represents
the practical effort
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of four of the most mighty of nations,
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with the support of fifteen more,
to utilize international law
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to meet the greatest menace
of our times:
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aggressive war.
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The common sense of mankind
demands that law
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shall not stop with the punishment
of petty crimes by little people.
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It must also reach men who possess
themselves of great power,
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and make deliberate and concerted
use of it
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to set in motion evils which leave
no home in the world untouched.
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In the prisoner's dock
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sit twenty-odd broken men.
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Reproached by the humiliation
of those they have led,
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almost as bitterly as by the desolation
of those they have attacked,
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their personal capacity for evil
is forever past.
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Merely as individuals,
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their fate is of little consequence
to the world.
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What makes this inquest significant
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is that these prisoners represent
sinister influences
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that will lurk in the world long after
their bodies have returned to dust.
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They are living symbols
of the arrogance and cruelty of power,
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of racial hatreds,
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terrorism
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and of violence.
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Symbols of fierce nationalism,
and militarism,
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of intrigue and war-making,
which have embroiled Europe
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generation after generation,
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crushing its manhood,
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destroying its home,
and impoverishing its life.
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They have so identified themselves
with the philosophies they conceived,
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and with the forces they directed,
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that any tenderness to them is a victory
and an encouragement to all the evils
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which are attached to their names.
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What these men stand for
we will patiently
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and temperately disclose.
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We will give you undeniable proof
of incredible events.
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The catalogue of crimes
will omit nothing.
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It may be that these men
of troubled conscience
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do not regard a trial as a favor,
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but they do have a fair opportunity
to defend themselves,
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a favor which when in power they rarely
extended even to their fellow countrymen.
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We will not ask you to convict these men
on the testimony of their foes.
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There is no count in the indictment
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that cannot be proved
by books and records.
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We will show you their own films.
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You will see their own conduct,
and hear their own voices
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as these defendants reenact for you
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some of the events
in the course of the conspiracy.
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Their acts as we shall recount them
before you
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have bathed the world in blood,
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and set civilization back a century.
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They have subjected
their European neighbors
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to every spoliation and deprivation.
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They have brought the German people
to the lowest pitch of wretchedness.
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They have stirred hatred and incited
domestic violence on every continent.
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These are the things
that stand in the dock,
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shoulder to shoulder,
with these prisoners.
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The real complaining party
at your bar is civilization.
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Count One.
That all the defendants participated
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as organizers or accomplices
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in a common plan or conspiracy
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to commit crimes against peace,
war crimes,
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and crimes against humanity.
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The aims of this conspiracy
were open, notorious,
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and far different from any conspiracy
ever unfolded before a court of justice.
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It traced its roots to Hitler's
1925 manifesto, "Mein Kampf."
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"Pistol shots, and then wild firing.
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"The heart leapt
as old war experiences were re-lived."
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Its history is the history
of the Nazi party,
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which grew from the brawling streets
of Munich in the 20s.
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And from the beginning,
Adolf Hitler and his followers
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were committed to using any means,
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whether or not
they were legal or honorable.
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Their aim was the highest degree
of control over the German community.
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Their intentions were blatantly
put forth in "Mein Kampf"
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and the Nazi party program.
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And they preached their favorite doctrines
up and down the land.
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They said that persons of so-called
German blood were a master race,
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entitled to subjugate
or even exterminate other races.
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They said that the Germans should be
ruled under the "Führer Prinzip,"
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or leadership principle,
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by which each subordinate owed
unconditional obedience to his superior,
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and so on right up to Adolf Hitler.
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They said that war was a noble
and necessary activity of Germans.
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And they said that the Nazi party alone
had the right to rule Germany,
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and the right to destroy
the party's enemies.
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Their rise to power
was based on fraud, deceit,
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intimidation and coercion...
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culminating finally in terror and flame.
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Into that flame went the democratic
constitution of the Weimar Republic
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and the freedom of the German people.
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For the fires set by the Nazis
extended to the very Reichstag,
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the national Congress.
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00:12:32,006 --> 00:12:34,550
Hans Gisevius, a witness who formerly
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held a high position
in the Berlin police administration,
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tells of his investigation
of the Reichstag fire.
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To briefly state the facts,
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it became clear that Hitler wanted
to launch a major propaganda coup.
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Goebbels developed several proposals,
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and it was he who first thought
of setting the Reichstag on fire.
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Ten dependable storm troopers
were put on standby,
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and then the details of the plan
were conveyed to Goering.
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Goering agreed to play his part,
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which was to make sure,
while everyone was still in shock,
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that the police were given
false leads to follow.
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Using the Reichstag fire
as a pretext for seizing power,
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the Nazi conspirators lost no time
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in tearing Germany away
from a policy of peace.
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Late in 1933,
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they led their nation out
of the Disarmament Conference,
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quit the League of Nations,
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and embarked
on a course of secret rearmament.
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00:14:07,435 --> 00:14:10,229
By 1934,
the new armaments program,
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designed by defendants Goering,
Schacht and Funk
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was going full blast.
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00:14:18,362 --> 00:14:21,824
German industry was again
turning out the tools of war.
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The Krupp plants hummed,
and one year later,
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Goering could announce:
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00:14:33,669 --> 00:14:38,382
"Today, from the strong foundation
of our national socialist world view,
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"the German army rises once again."
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A few days later,
General von Blomberg
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announced the new law
for compulsory military service.
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The law was signed by defendants
Goering, Hess, Frank,
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Frick, Schacht and von Neurath.
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The training began.
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Finally, in spring of 1936,
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the Nazis sent their new troops
marching into the Rhineland.
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"Mein Führer!
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"On March 7, 1936,
soldiers of your newly-raised army
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00:15:40,277 --> 00:15:42,863
"crossed the sacred river
of German history
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"and occupied their former garrisons.
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00:15:46,158 --> 00:15:50,788
"They pledge their unbreakable
trust and allegiance to the Führer,
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00:15:50,955 --> 00:16:00,297
"and vow to follow him as proof
of their undying love for Germany."
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00:16:02,508 --> 00:16:04,593
The columns grew longer.
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00:16:07,680 --> 00:16:11,183
The sound of boots grew louder
on the streets of Nuremberg.
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00:16:13,602 --> 00:16:14,728
But Hitler said,
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00:16:14,895 --> 00:16:17,815
"The German people do not want war
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"today, tomorrow,
or the day after tomorrow.
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00:16:22,403 --> 00:16:24,989
"War is not in the German character.
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00:16:25,614 --> 00:16:29,660
"The German is by nature
peaceful and peace-loving,
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00:16:30,244 --> 00:16:32,621
"and, above all, tolerant.
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00:16:32,788 --> 00:16:34,206
"He wants to work.
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00:16:34,373 --> 00:16:37,084
"Germany has millions of farmers.
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00:16:37,251 --> 00:16:39,962
"They want to till their fields
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00:16:40,129 --> 00:16:42,047
"and bring in their harvests.
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00:16:42,214 --> 00:16:44,508
"Germany has millions of workers.
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00:16:44,675 --> 00:16:46,093
"They want to do their work.
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00:16:46,260 --> 00:16:48,512
"We have millions
of wives and mothers
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00:16:48,679 --> 00:16:51,015
"who hold their sons
and daughters dear."
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00:16:54,894 --> 00:16:57,438
The Nazi conspirators,
in the name of "Lebensraum,"
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00:16:57,605 --> 00:17:00,816
continued to plot new aggressions
against peace.
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00:17:02,443 --> 00:17:04,361
In November 1937,
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Hitler called a special meeting,
with defendants Goering,
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00:17:07,239 --> 00:17:11,785
von Neurath, Raeder, and Generals
von Blomberg and von Fritsch.
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00:17:14,622 --> 00:17:16,248
The meeting was secret,
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00:17:16,415 --> 00:17:19,835
but Lieutenant Colonel Hossbach,
Hitler's personal adjutant,
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00:17:20,002 --> 00:17:21,962
faithfully recorded Hitler's words:
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00:17:24,256 --> 00:17:26,884
"Germany’s dilemma
can only be solved by force,
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00:17:27,051 --> 00:17:29,011
"which is never without risk.
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00:17:31,180 --> 00:17:34,141
"To improve our military
and political position,
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00:17:35,017 --> 00:17:38,479
"we have no choice but to conquer
Czechoslovakia and Austria
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00:17:38,646 --> 00:17:40,231
"simultaneously.
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00:17:44,068 --> 00:17:47,780
"The annexation of these two states
will provide considerable relief."
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00:17:50,407 --> 00:17:53,786
This meeting set the stage
for Nazi expansion,
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00:17:54,119 --> 00:17:57,748
and Act One came only
three months later, at Berchtesgaden,
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00:17:59,625 --> 00:18:02,419
where defendant von Papen
finally engineered a meeting
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00:18:02,586 --> 00:18:04,588
between Schuschnigg,
the Austrian chancellor,
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00:18:04,880 --> 00:18:08,550
Hitler, and defendants Keitel
and von Ribbentrop.
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00:18:08,717 --> 00:18:11,679
Guido Schmidt, who was Austrian
foreign minister at the time,
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00:18:11,845 --> 00:18:13,806
also attended the meeting.
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00:18:14,056 --> 00:18:15,683
Schmidt was asked
on the witness stand,
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00:18:16,225 --> 00:18:20,271
Did Hitler demand that Seyss-Inquart
be made minister of security?
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00:18:21,146 --> 00:18:23,899
That was one of the demands.
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00:18:24,233 --> 00:18:27,111
Question: Were there also demands
made with regards
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00:18:27,278 --> 00:18:29,238
to currency exchange and customs?
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00:18:29,405 --> 00:18:33,325
Economic demands
of every type were debated.
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00:18:34,201 --> 00:18:37,830
Question: Hitler told you that you had
until February 15
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00:18:37,997 --> 00:18:39,581
to accept his terms, didn't he?
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00:18:40,666 --> 00:18:43,711
And he told you that if you didn't do so,
he would use force?
245
00:18:44,128 --> 00:18:45,587
Yes, it was an ultimatum.
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00:18:45,754 --> 00:18:50,301
Hitler made clear he planned
to invade Austria in February,
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00:18:50,467 --> 00:18:54,680
and was not willing
to postpone the invasion any longer.
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00:18:55,055 --> 00:19:00,144
Faced by these threats, the Austrians
carried out all Hitler's demands.
249
00:19:05,107 --> 00:19:08,235
But the Nazi conspirators
weren't satisfied.
250
00:19:10,529 --> 00:19:12,823
A month later,
when Schuschnigg announced
251
00:19:12,990 --> 00:19:15,117
a plebiscite on
Austrian independence,
252
00:19:15,284 --> 00:19:19,371
Hitler and defendant Goering demanded
that the plebiscite be cancelled.
253
00:19:20,998 --> 00:19:25,336
Another ultimatum demanded
Schuschnigg resign within three hours.
254
00:19:27,463 --> 00:19:30,007
Fearing invasion,
Schuschnigg resigned,
255
00:19:30,174 --> 00:19:32,301
and finally,
defendant Seyss-Inquart
256
00:19:32,468 --> 00:19:35,387
was appointed
the new chancellor of Austria.
257
00:19:39,224 --> 00:19:42,186
That same day,
Goering in Berlin called Keppler
258
00:19:42,353 --> 00:19:44,396
at the German embassy in Vienna.
259
00:19:44,897 --> 00:19:47,399
The conversation was transcribed.
260
00:19:47,900 --> 00:19:49,610
Keppler spoke first:
261
00:19:50,235 --> 00:19:53,030
"We now represent
the government of Austria."
262
00:19:53,197 --> 00:19:55,741
Goering:
"That's right. You are the government.
263
00:19:55,908 --> 00:19:57,284
"Listen carefully.
264
00:19:57,451 --> 00:20:00,162
"Seyss-Inquart should send us
the following telegram:
265
00:20:00,329 --> 00:20:01,830
"Take this down.
266
00:20:02,289 --> 00:20:04,124
"'The provisional Austrian government
267
00:20:04,291 --> 00:20:07,169
"'urgently requests the help and
support of the German government
268
00:20:07,336 --> 00:20:09,004
"'to prevent bloodshed.
269
00:20:09,338 --> 00:20:12,591
"'Please send German troops
as soon as possible.'"
270
00:20:13,425 --> 00:20:16,428
Keppler: "SA and SS men
are marching through the streets.
271
00:20:16,804 --> 00:20:18,347
"The civil government
has broken down.
272
00:20:18,764 --> 00:20:22,059
"Seyss-Inquart is the only one
who holds power in Austria now."
273
00:20:22,226 --> 00:20:26,105
Goering: "Then our troops
will cross the border today."
274
00:20:33,362 --> 00:20:37,533
The act joining Austria to Germany
was signed by defendants Seyss-Inquart,
275
00:20:37,699 --> 00:20:40,869
Goering, Frick,
von Ribbentrop and Hess.
276
00:20:43,288 --> 00:20:45,290
Hitler, of course, had said:
277
00:20:45,457 --> 00:20:50,129
"Germany neither wishes nor plans
to meddle in the internal affairs of Austria,
278
00:20:50,295 --> 00:20:52,714
"nor does it wish to annex Austria."
279
00:20:52,881 --> 00:20:56,510
May 21, 1935. Adolf Hitler
280
00:21:01,598 --> 00:21:03,725
The curtain fell on Act One,
281
00:21:03,892 --> 00:21:07,271
but already the Nazi conspirators
prepared for Act Two,
282
00:21:07,604 --> 00:21:09,898
with this 1938 memorandum
283
00:21:10,065 --> 00:21:12,359
from Hitler to his high command:
284
00:21:13,444 --> 00:21:15,863
"It is my unalterable decision
285
00:21:16,029 --> 00:21:19,825
"to smash Czechoslovakia
by military force in the near future.
286
00:21:20,701 --> 00:21:22,536
"It is the job of the political leaders
287
00:21:22,703 --> 00:21:26,248
"to choose the politically
and militarily suitable moment."
288
00:21:30,252 --> 00:21:33,922
Konrad Henlein
was the local Nazi political leader.
289
00:21:34,089 --> 00:21:36,800
The plan was labeled Operation Green.
290
00:21:37,009 --> 00:21:39,803
Defendant Jodl recorded in his diary:
291
00:21:40,137 --> 00:21:44,057
"Operation Green will be launched by
means of an incident in Czechoslovakia
292
00:21:44,224 --> 00:21:47,394
"that will provoke the need
for German military intervention.
293
00:21:47,603 --> 00:21:50,564
"Determining the exact day and hour
of this incident
294
00:21:50,731 --> 00:21:52,774
"is of the utmost importance."
295
00:21:53,650 --> 00:21:56,028
A few months later,
Germany signed the Munich Pact
296
00:21:56,195 --> 00:21:58,739
with England, France and Italy.
297
00:21:59,490 --> 00:22:03,160
This pact involved the transfer
of the Sudetenland to Germany.
298
00:22:03,327 --> 00:22:07,080
The conspirators called it
their last territorial demand.
299
00:22:12,085 --> 00:22:15,088
But before the ink was dry,
they were making other plans,
300
00:22:15,255 --> 00:22:19,676
for Hitler's goal was the complete
absorption of Czechoslovakia.
301
00:22:23,931 --> 00:22:26,266
And now the Czech president,
Emil Hácha,
302
00:22:26,433 --> 00:22:28,268
was called to a meeting with
Hitler and defendants
303
00:22:28,435 --> 00:22:30,812
Goering, von Ribbentrop and Keitel.
304
00:22:31,146 --> 00:22:33,065
They gave Hácha an ultimatum:
305
00:22:33,232 --> 00:22:37,069
Bohemia and Moravia
would be ceded to Germany immediately,
306
00:22:37,236 --> 00:22:41,865
or Czechoslovakia would be invaded,
and Prague destroyed from the air.
307
00:22:42,407 --> 00:22:44,326
Hácha was helpless.
308
00:22:47,663 --> 00:22:49,623
Defendants von Ribbentrop and Frick
309
00:22:49,790 --> 00:22:54,002
signed the decree making Bohemia
and Moravia a German protectorate.
310
00:22:54,294 --> 00:22:56,213
Prague
311
00:22:56,588 --> 00:22:59,132
Speaking some months earlier
about the Sudetenland,
312
00:22:59,299 --> 00:23:03,345
Hitler had said: "I have given
assurances, and reiterate them now,
313
00:23:03,512 --> 00:23:06,890
"that Germany has no more
territorial problems in Europe.
314
00:23:07,057 --> 00:23:10,936
"I am no longer interested
in the Czech state. I guarantee Lt."
315
00:23:11,186 --> 00:23:14,982
September 26, 1938. Adolf Hitler
316
00:23:22,656 --> 00:23:25,534
Now, according to more
of his adjutant's notes,
317
00:23:25,701 --> 00:23:28,370
Hitler reviewed the Nazi plan
of violence and treachery
318
00:23:28,537 --> 00:23:31,373
from 1934 to 1939.
319
00:23:31,623 --> 00:23:34,960
The notes read:
"First of all, rearmament.
320
00:23:35,127 --> 00:23:39,047
"In 1935, the introduction
of compulsory military service.
321
00:23:39,214 --> 00:23:42,092
"After that,
militarization of the Rhineland.
322
00:23:42,259 --> 00:23:44,803
"One year later,
annexation of Austria.
323
00:23:44,970 --> 00:23:47,264
"This greatly reinforced the Reich.
324
00:23:47,431 --> 00:23:49,891
"The next step, Bohemia and Moravia...
325
00:23:50,058 --> 00:23:52,185
"Then the Czech Protectorate
established.
326
00:23:52,352 --> 00:23:55,272
"Thus the foundation
for the conquest of Poland.
327
00:23:55,439 --> 00:23:59,735
"Basically, I did not organize
the armed forces in order not to strike.
328
00:23:59,901 --> 00:24:02,738
"The decision to strike
was always in me."
329
00:24:05,866 --> 00:24:09,161
In the name of the United Kingdom
of Great Britain and Northern Ireland,
330
00:24:09,328 --> 00:24:12,456
Sir Hartley Shawcross
presents Count Two,
331
00:24:12,623 --> 00:24:14,333
crimes against peace,
332
00:24:14,541 --> 00:24:16,668
charging that
all the defendants participated
333
00:24:16,835 --> 00:24:19,004
in the planning and waging
of wars of aggression,
334
00:24:19,254 --> 00:24:23,884
wars in violation of international
treaties, agreements and assurances.
335
00:24:24,676 --> 00:24:28,847
The first step was the Rhineland,
and the next step was Austria.
336
00:24:30,098 --> 00:24:31,725
The Rhineland is occupied.
337
00:24:31,892 --> 00:24:34,936
Austria and Czechoslovakia
have been seized by Germany,
338
00:24:35,103 --> 00:24:37,856
and now the Nazi conspirators
turn to the next problem:
339
00:24:38,023 --> 00:24:39,650
the conquest of Poland.
340
00:24:40,359 --> 00:24:45,572
Again, an adjutant, Lt. Colonel Schmundt,
transcribed Hitler's words:
341
00:24:45,864 --> 00:24:48,241
"The solution to the problem
demands courage.
342
00:24:48,408 --> 00:24:52,621
"Invasion of foreign states and attacks
on foreign property cannot be avoided.
343
00:24:52,913 --> 00:24:55,374
"There can be no question
of sparing Poland.
344
00:24:55,582 --> 00:24:59,378
"We must simply decide on the first
suitable opportunity for attack.
345
00:24:59,753 --> 00:25:02,339
"We cannot expect
to repeat the Czech strategy.
346
00:25:02,506 --> 00:25:04,966
"This time, there will be war."
347
00:25:06,551 --> 00:25:09,304
Meanwhile, according
to their well-established practice,
348
00:25:09,471 --> 00:25:11,682
the conspirators stirred up
the Danzig issue,
349
00:25:11,848 --> 00:25:15,811
to create frontier incidents
that could justify an attack on Poland.
350
00:25:17,688 --> 00:25:19,564
Then, on August 23,
351
00:25:19,731 --> 00:25:22,984
the Nazis signed their
Non-Aggression Pact with Russia.
352
00:25:26,613 --> 00:25:28,699
Hitler told his High Command:
353
00:25:28,865 --> 00:25:31,702
"Now Poland is where I want her.
354
00:25:32,828 --> 00:25:36,623
"My only fear is that some Schweinhund
will propose mediation."
355
00:25:37,833 --> 00:25:40,168
Appeals were made,
twice by the Pope,
356
00:25:41,044 --> 00:25:43,130
and by President Roosevelt.
357
00:25:50,887 --> 00:25:54,599
Mr. Roosevelt has lately
been asking for assurances
358
00:25:54,808 --> 00:25:57,561
that German forces will not attack
359
00:25:57,728 --> 00:26:00,981
and, above all, not invade
360
00:26:01,606 --> 00:26:04,776
the territory or possessions
361
00:26:05,152 --> 00:26:09,614
of the following
independent nations:
362
00:26:09,990 --> 00:26:11,158
Finland,
363
00:26:11,324 --> 00:26:12,284
Latvia,
364
00:26:12,451 --> 00:26:13,326
Lithuania,
365
00:26:13,493 --> 00:26:14,286
Estonia,
366
00:26:14,453 --> 00:26:15,328
Norway,
367
00:26:15,495 --> 00:26:16,163
Sweden,
368
00:26:16,371 --> 00:26:17,080
Denmark,
369
00:26:17,247 --> 00:26:17,956
Netherlands,
370
00:26:18,123 --> 00:26:18,790
Belgium,
371
00:26:18,957 --> 00:26:19,708
Great Britain,
372
00:26:19,875 --> 00:26:20,542
Ireland,
373
00:26:20,709 --> 00:26:21,293
France,
374
00:26:21,460 --> 00:26:22,252
Portugal,
375
00:26:22,419 --> 00:26:22,878
Spain,
376
00:26:23,044 --> 00:26:23,712
Switzerland,
377
00:26:23,920 --> 00:26:24,588
Liechtenstein,
378
00:26:24,755 --> 00:26:25,338
Luxembourg,
379
00:26:25,505 --> 00:26:26,298
Poland.
380
00:26:27,299 --> 00:26:28,467
My answer...
381
00:26:33,972 --> 00:26:36,183
On September 1, 1939,
382
00:26:36,349 --> 00:26:39,060
the Nazis sent the Wehrmacht
smashing into Poland,
383
00:26:39,227 --> 00:26:41,396
and into a new world war.
384
00:26:42,814 --> 00:26:46,610
France and England, faithful to their
mutual assistance pact with Poland,
385
00:26:46,777 --> 00:26:49,404
immediately declared war on Germany.
386
00:26:56,369 --> 00:26:58,872
The German Air Force, the Luftwaffe,
387
00:26:59,039 --> 00:27:01,541
launched mass attacks
on Polish towns and cities.
388
00:27:06,588 --> 00:27:10,175
Hitler, as recorded in the notes
of Colonel Schmundt, said:
389
00:27:10,342 --> 00:27:12,260
"Destruction of Poland
in the foreground.
390
00:27:12,427 --> 00:27:15,514
"I will give a propagandistic reason
for the outbreak of war.
391
00:27:15,680 --> 00:27:17,808
"It doesn't matter
if it's plausible or not.
392
00:27:17,974 --> 00:27:20,018
"Have no pity. Be ruthless."
393
00:27:21,144 --> 00:27:24,898
But as usual, before the attack
on Poland, Hitler had told the world:
394
00:27:25,065 --> 00:27:27,234
"During the difficult months
of the past year,
395
00:27:27,400 --> 00:27:29,444
"the friendship between
Poland and Germany
396
00:27:29,611 --> 00:27:32,823
"has been one of the most promising
in the political life of Europe."
397
00:27:32,989 --> 00:27:36,451
January 30, 1939. Adolf Hitler
398
00:27:42,040 --> 00:27:44,334
The path of destruction
started in Poland,
399
00:27:44,501 --> 00:27:47,587
but soon it led north and south
across all Europe.
400
00:27:47,796 --> 00:27:50,465
And each new aggression
was based on Hitler's principle
401
00:27:50,632 --> 00:27:54,511
that in war, victory, not right,
was what mattered.
402
00:27:55,720 --> 00:27:59,015
Non-Aggression Pact:
"No matter what the circumstances,
403
00:27:59,182 --> 00:28:01,309
"we are firmly resolved
to maintain the peace
404
00:28:01,476 --> 00:28:02,978
"between Denmark and Germany."
405
00:28:03,144 --> 00:28:06,064
May 31, 1939. Signed: Ribbentrop
406
00:28:08,650 --> 00:28:10,735
But on April 9, 1940,
407
00:28:10,902 --> 00:28:12,821
German troops invaded Denmark.
408
00:28:42,642 --> 00:28:45,979
"In view of the friendly relations
between Norway and Germany,
409
00:28:46,146 --> 00:28:49,149
"the German government guarantees
to respect the inviolability
410
00:28:49,316 --> 00:28:51,318
"and integrity of the Norwegian state,
411
00:28:51,484 --> 00:28:54,446
"and not to undermine it
under any circumstances."
412
00:28:55,530 --> 00:28:58,825
September 2, 1939. The German Reich
413
00:29:00,368 --> 00:29:04,247
But on 9 April, 1940,
German troops invaded Norway.
414
00:29:49,876 --> 00:29:53,171
"I assure the governments of Belgium,
Holland, and Luxembourg
415
00:29:53,338 --> 00:29:56,091
"that Germany
will not violate their neutrality."
416
00:29:56,257 --> 00:29:59,678
October 6, 1939. Adolf Hitler
417
00:30:01,137 --> 00:30:02,973
But on May 10, 1940,
418
00:30:03,139 --> 00:30:06,101
German troops invaded Belgium,
Holland and Luxembourg.
419
00:30:38,633 --> 00:30:40,885
"The firmly-established
and trustworthy relationship
420
00:30:41,052 --> 00:30:43,096
"between Germany and Yugoslavia
421
00:30:43,263 --> 00:30:46,933
"will bring an element of calm
to our nervous continent.
422
00:30:47,100 --> 00:30:49,644
"This peace is the goal
of all who are disposed
423
00:30:49,811 --> 00:30:52,272
"to perform truly constructive work."
424
00:30:52,522 --> 00:30:55,859
June 1, 1939. Adolf Hitler
425
00:30:58,236 --> 00:31:00,780
But on April 6, 1941,
426
00:31:00,947 --> 00:31:02,907
German troops invaded Yugoslavia.
427
00:31:28,975 --> 00:31:31,561
These criminal methods
of the Nazi conspirators
428
00:31:31,728 --> 00:31:33,605
brought them early success,
429
00:31:33,772 --> 00:31:37,984
and by 1941, they had
most of Europe under their heel.
430
00:31:40,403 --> 00:31:44,866
Now an evil ambition for power
and more power drove them on.
431
00:31:45,450 --> 00:31:47,535
But two of the world's
mightiest nations,
432
00:31:47,702 --> 00:31:49,746
the United States and Soviet Russia,
433
00:31:49,913 --> 00:31:53,416
remained to block the Nazi
drive for world supremacy.
434
00:31:53,917 --> 00:31:57,420
They had to be dealt with,
firmly, immediately.
435
00:31:57,754 --> 00:32:01,049
So now Germany asked
for cooperation from Japan,
436
00:32:01,216 --> 00:32:03,468
her full partner in aggression
to the East,
437
00:32:03,635 --> 00:32:06,763
and from Italy,
her junior partner to the south.
438
00:32:09,057 --> 00:32:11,893
In Berlin, they drew up the Axis Pact,
439
00:32:12,060 --> 00:32:14,395
the blueprint for a new order,
440
00:32:14,729 --> 00:32:18,817
and parceled out the continents
of the world for Axis domination.
441
00:32:27,158 --> 00:32:29,953
Italy was to get
the Mediterranean sphere.
442
00:32:32,747 --> 00:32:35,083
Japan was to get the Orient.
443
00:32:36,918 --> 00:32:40,255
And to Germany would go
the rest of the world.
444
00:32:59,816 --> 00:33:01,401
In June 1941,
445
00:33:01,818 --> 00:33:04,028
in violation
of their Non-Aggression Pact,
446
00:33:04,195 --> 00:33:07,282
the Nazis sent their armies
deep into Soviet territory,
447
00:33:07,448 --> 00:33:10,201
according to
military plans long made.
448
00:33:10,368 --> 00:33:13,955
As usual, there was
no declaration of war.
449
00:33:17,709 --> 00:33:22,172
Hitler had said:
"Today Germany, tomorrow the world."
450
00:33:23,214 --> 00:33:25,550
And this was "tomorrow."
451
00:33:30,471 --> 00:33:32,348
Ground warfare in the East,
452
00:33:32,515 --> 00:33:34,726
air warfare in the West.
453
00:33:35,226 --> 00:33:38,521
For now, defendant Goering's Luftwaffe
was hurled with full force
454
00:33:38,688 --> 00:33:41,399
against the peoples
and cities of Britain.
455
00:33:41,900 --> 00:33:44,152
Hitler, after all,
had told the Reichstag:
456
00:33:45,195 --> 00:33:47,488
"I will blot out their cities."
457
00:34:40,208 --> 00:34:42,669
And then on December 7, 1941,
458
00:34:43,169 --> 00:34:45,380
keeping her end
of an infamous bargain,
459
00:34:45,546 --> 00:34:47,840
Japan struck at the United States.
460
00:34:48,007 --> 00:34:50,843
Also without declaration of war.
461
00:34:51,261 --> 00:34:53,763
Japanese bombs
rained on Pearl Harbor,
462
00:34:53,930 --> 00:34:57,058
spreading war finally to the Pacific.
463
00:35:01,980 --> 00:35:04,065
The new order was on the march.
464
00:35:04,232 --> 00:35:07,443
World war II flamed around the globe.
465
00:35:10,613 --> 00:35:13,658
In the name of the Union
of Soviet Socialist Republics,
466
00:35:13,825 --> 00:35:17,036
General Roman Rudenko
presents Counts 3 and 4,
467
00:35:17,203 --> 00:35:20,206
charging that all the defendants
committed war crimes in Germany
468
00:35:20,373 --> 00:35:23,376
and in all those countries
occupied by Germany.
469
00:35:29,757 --> 00:35:33,344
The Nazi conspirators committed crimes
against enemy armies,
470
00:35:33,511 --> 00:35:35,388
against prisoners of war,
471
00:35:35,596 --> 00:35:38,224
against the civilians of occupied lands.
472
00:35:39,017 --> 00:35:42,645
They believed in the barbaric
doctrine of "total war,"
473
00:35:42,812 --> 00:35:46,357
and considered themselves free
from the restraints of international law
474
00:35:46,524 --> 00:35:48,359
or the established customs of war.
475
00:35:48,526 --> 00:35:51,654
Their ruthless policies were ordered
in directives like this one,
476
00:35:51,821 --> 00:35:55,241
from General Reinecke of
the Wehrmacht's High Command:
477
00:35:56,159 --> 00:35:58,786
"The Bolshevist soldier
has lost all claim to treatment
478
00:35:58,953 --> 00:36:01,289
"as an honorable enemy combatant.
479
00:36:01,456 --> 00:36:05,960
"Ruthless and drastic measures are to be
taken at the least sign of resistance.
480
00:36:06,336 --> 00:36:08,087
"Active or passive resistance
481
00:36:08,254 --> 00:36:11,090
"must be broken immediately
by force of arms.
482
00:36:11,507 --> 00:36:15,053
"Prisoners attempting to escape
are to be shot without warning.
483
00:36:15,219 --> 00:36:17,722
"No warning shots are to be fired."
484
00:36:19,474 --> 00:36:21,809
More proof of this savage Nazi policy
485
00:36:21,976 --> 00:36:25,271
comes from the affidavit of Kurt Lindow,
former Gestapo officer:
486
00:36:26,898 --> 00:36:28,941
"There existed
in the prisoner of war camps
487
00:36:29,108 --> 00:36:31,069
"on the Eastern Front
small screening teams,
488
00:36:31,235 --> 00:36:34,113
"headed by lower-ranking
members of the Gestapo.
489
00:36:34,906 --> 00:36:37,825
"It was the duty of these teams
to segregate the prisoners of war
490
00:36:37,992 --> 00:36:40,244
"who were candidates for execution,
491
00:36:40,411 --> 00:36:43,539
"and to report them
to the office of the Gestapo."
492
00:36:45,583 --> 00:36:48,503
And a letter from defendant
Rosenberg to defendant Keitel
493
00:36:48,669 --> 00:36:51,339
in 1942 stated clearly:
494
00:36:51,506 --> 00:36:54,884
"A large number of Soviet
prisoners of war starved or died
495
00:36:55,051 --> 00:36:57,553
"due to the harsh weather conditions.
496
00:36:58,221 --> 00:37:00,848
"In many cases, prisoners
on the march could not keep up
497
00:37:01,015 --> 00:37:03,476
"due to hunger and exhaustion.
498
00:37:05,853 --> 00:37:10,400
"In numerous camps, no shelter
for the prisoners was provided at all.
499
00:37:11,234 --> 00:37:13,528
"Nor were they given any sort of tools
500
00:37:13,694 --> 00:37:16,489
"with which to dig holes or caves."
501
00:37:18,866 --> 00:37:21,119
Yet when some objected that
this treatment violated
502
00:37:21,285 --> 00:37:22,787
the Geneva Convention,
503
00:37:22,954 --> 00:37:26,290
defendant Keitel answered
with this memorandum:
504
00:37:26,457 --> 00:37:29,001
"We are dealing with
the destruction of a worldview.
505
00:37:29,168 --> 00:37:32,422
"Therefore, I approve these measures
and back them."
506
00:37:33,256 --> 00:37:36,467
The criminal treatment of prisoners
of war was also practiced
507
00:37:36,634 --> 00:37:38,970
against civilian populations.
508
00:37:40,513 --> 00:37:43,724
This is proved by the testimony
of General von Lahousen,
509
00:37:43,891 --> 00:37:47,228
who worked under Admiral Canaris,
in Military Intelligence.
510
00:37:48,646 --> 00:37:53,067
General Lahousen attended conferences
where crimes against whole populations
511
00:37:53,234 --> 00:37:56,154
were plotted in advance
by the Nazi conspirators.
512
00:37:57,697 --> 00:37:59,657
The prosecution asked Lahousen
513
00:37:59,824 --> 00:38:02,577
about one such conference
on the Führer's train.
514
00:38:02,785 --> 00:38:08,875
First of all, Canaris had a short talk
with Foreign Minister von Ribbentrop,
515
00:38:09,041 --> 00:38:13,296
given that von Ribbentrop
was responsible
516
00:38:13,463 --> 00:38:17,425
for furthering political objectives
in the Polish territory.
517
00:38:18,176 --> 00:38:24,891
Second, Canaris spoke out vehemently
against the measures
518
00:38:25,850 --> 00:38:29,854
of which he was aware,
519
00:38:30,021 --> 00:38:35,943
namely, the systematic
shooting and extermination
520
00:38:36,110 --> 00:38:42,825
of the Polish intelligentsia,
nobility and clergy,
521
00:38:43,993 --> 00:38:48,289
as well as others who might be,
or might appear to be,
522
00:38:48,456 --> 00:38:51,918
supporters of the Polish national
resistance movement.
523
00:39:04,972 --> 00:39:09,477
Canaris said at the time,
more or less verbatim:
524
00:39:09,810 --> 00:39:16,359
"The world will one day also hold
the Armed Forces responsible
525
00:39:17,693 --> 00:39:23,032
"for the things that took place
under their eyes."
526
00:39:25,785 --> 00:39:28,913
Another of the conspirators
charged with directing mass murder
527
00:39:29,080 --> 00:39:30,331
was defendant Frank,
528
00:39:30,498 --> 00:39:32,625
Nazi governor of Poland.
529
00:39:33,960 --> 00:39:36,212
In his diary,
he speaks of "the opportunity,
530
00:39:36,379 --> 00:39:39,423
"while the focus of attention
was on the Western Front,
531
00:39:39,715 --> 00:39:43,553
"to carry out the wholesale liquidation
of thousands of Poles."
532
00:39:46,264 --> 00:39:49,267
These atrocities
were not restricted to the East.
533
00:39:50,142 --> 00:39:54,230
Here is the proof in the village
of Oradour-sur-Glane, France.
534
00:40:13,874 --> 00:40:18,713
Here is the proof
in the town of Bande, Belgium.
535
00:40:35,021 --> 00:40:38,399
Here is the proof
in the San Callisto caves, Italy,
536
00:40:39,900 --> 00:40:43,696
where 350 hostages
were carefully listed...
537
00:40:54,665 --> 00:40:57,001
and systematically murdered.
538
00:41:05,176 --> 00:41:08,012
And here is Lidice,
in Czechoslovakia.
539
00:41:10,431 --> 00:41:14,852
In blind retaliation for the assassination
of SS man Reinhard Heydrich,
540
00:41:15,436 --> 00:41:18,397
the Nazis murdered all of Lidice's men,
541
00:41:19,065 --> 00:41:22,401
and sent their women and children
into slavery in Germany.
542
00:41:28,574 --> 00:41:30,076
But this was not enough.
543
00:41:33,579 --> 00:41:37,041
Boys of the Arbeitsdienst were moved
into the ruins of Lidice,
544
00:41:37,208 --> 00:41:39,710
and ordered to level the village
to the ground.
545
00:41:54,392 --> 00:41:58,521
Lidice was to be the Nazis' example
to all occupied peoples.
546
00:42:07,738 --> 00:42:10,950
But more terrible still were
the concentration camps,
547
00:42:11,117 --> 00:42:13,786
which from the beginning had been
the conspirators' chief weapon
548
00:42:13,953 --> 00:42:16,414
against opposition of every kind.
549
00:42:16,580 --> 00:42:20,626
German anti-Nazis were the first
victims, but with the war advancing,
550
00:42:20,793 --> 00:42:24,797
their numbers swelled to include
citizens of all the nations of Europe.
551
00:42:24,964 --> 00:42:28,342
Their fate is described
by witness Rudolf Hoess.
552
00:42:29,427 --> 00:42:33,431
"I was in command at Auschwitz
until December 1,1943,
553
00:42:33,639 --> 00:42:35,975
"and estimate that
at least 2 ½ million victims
554
00:42:36,308 --> 00:42:39,395
"were exterminated there
by gassing and burning.
555
00:42:44,525 --> 00:42:48,112
"At least another half million died
due to starvation and disease,
556
00:42:48,279 --> 00:42:50,865
"making a total of about 3 million dead.
557
00:42:54,243 --> 00:42:58,622
"These included approximately
20,000 Soviet prisoners of war.
558
00:43:06,172 --> 00:43:10,259
"The rest of the victims were
approximately 100,000 German Jews,
559
00:43:10,509 --> 00:43:13,095
"and a great many citizens,
mostly Jews,
560
00:43:13,262 --> 00:43:14,430
"from Holland,
561
00:43:14,597 --> 00:43:15,681
"France,
562
00:43:15,848 --> 00:43:16,932
"Belgium,
563
00:43:17,099 --> 00:43:18,225
"Poland,
564
00:43:18,601 --> 00:43:19,977
"Hungary,
565
00:43:20,144 --> 00:43:21,562
"Czechoslovakia,
566
00:43:21,979 --> 00:43:24,190
"Greece,
and other countries."
567
00:43:30,112 --> 00:43:35,159
Medical experiments too were standard
procedure at many concentration camps.
568
00:43:35,743 --> 00:43:39,872
These included lowering the body
temperature to 28 degrees centigrade,
569
00:43:40,331 --> 00:43:43,000
high altitude tests
and pressure chambers,
570
00:43:43,542 --> 00:43:47,296
experiments with poisoned bullets
and contagious diseases,
571
00:43:47,463 --> 00:43:49,590
and even sterilization.
572
00:44:16,534 --> 00:44:18,244
In the name of the French Republic,
573
00:44:18,410 --> 00:44:20,871
chief prosecutor François de Menthon
574
00:44:21,038 --> 00:44:24,166
closes Counts 3 and 4,
the final charges of the indictment.
575
00:44:27,920 --> 00:44:30,589
All the defendants committed
crimes against humanity,
576
00:44:30,756 --> 00:44:34,844
including the murder and persecution
of all people opposed to the Nazi party
577
00:44:35,010 --> 00:44:39,723
and the enslavement, exploitation
and deportation of civilian populations.
578
00:44:42,852 --> 00:44:46,605
The slave labor policy was
the responsibility of defendant Sauckel,
579
00:44:46,772 --> 00:44:48,816
who admitted in 1944:
580
00:44:48,983 --> 00:44:51,652
"Of the 5 million workers
who arrived in Germany,
581
00:44:51,819 --> 00:44:54,864
"fewer than 200,000 came voluntarily."
582
00:44:57,658 --> 00:45:01,036
Forced labor often meant
brutal and degrading treatment.
583
00:45:01,203 --> 00:45:03,205
As Sauckel himself suggested:
584
00:45:03,372 --> 00:45:06,625
"All these people must be fed,
lodged and treated
585
00:45:06,834 --> 00:45:09,169
"so as to get the greatest possible
use out of them
586
00:45:09,336 --> 00:45:11,505
"at the lowest possible cost."
587
00:45:13,716 --> 00:45:16,010
And in the words of defendant
Martin Bormann,
588
00:45:16,176 --> 00:45:17,928
being tried in absentia:
589
00:45:18,095 --> 00:45:19,722
"The Slavs should work for us.
590
00:45:19,889 --> 00:45:23,058
"When we no longer need them,
let them die."
591
00:45:25,269 --> 00:45:28,689
Slavery was only one aspect
of Nazi exploitation.
592
00:45:28,856 --> 00:45:33,068
Defendant Goering, in a talk with
German occupation authorities in 1942,
593
00:45:33,235 --> 00:45:34,904
discussed another:
594
00:45:35,070 --> 00:45:35,863
Plunder.
595
00:45:36,947 --> 00:45:39,033
"God knows,
you are not sent out to safeguard
596
00:45:39,199 --> 00:45:41,577
"the welfare of the people
under your supervision,
597
00:45:41,785 --> 00:45:43,746
"but rather to get
the most out of them,
598
00:45:43,913 --> 00:45:45,956
"so that the German people
can survive.
599
00:45:46,540 --> 00:45:49,168
"This incessant worry about
other people must stop,
600
00:45:49,335 --> 00:45:50,753
"once and for all.
601
00:45:51,128 --> 00:45:54,131
"I have in front of me reports
on what you must deliver.
602
00:45:54,298 --> 00:45:56,258
"It makes absolutely
no difference to me
603
00:45:56,425 --> 00:45:58,260
"if you say that
your people will starve."
604
00:46:08,062 --> 00:46:12,524
But Nazi crimes against humanity
were not limited to foreign peoples.
605
00:46:13,817 --> 00:46:16,070
Defendant Frick,
as Minister of Interior,
606
00:46:16,236 --> 00:46:20,240
directed a program aimed at aged,
insane, or incurable Germans
607
00:46:20,866 --> 00:46:23,494
the so-called "useless eaters."
608
00:46:24,495 --> 00:46:27,456
Thousands were committed
to special institutions.
609
00:46:28,123 --> 00:46:30,042
Few ever returned.
610
00:46:33,212 --> 00:46:35,089
Evidence proves
they were murdered because
611
00:46:35,255 --> 00:46:38,467
they were useless to the plans
of the Nazi conspirators.
612
00:46:41,720 --> 00:46:44,306
But perhaps the greatest crime
against humanity
613
00:46:44,473 --> 00:46:46,892
the Nazis committed
against the Jews.
614
00:46:47,059 --> 00:46:48,894
A campaign of hate and murder
615
00:46:49,061 --> 00:46:51,605
that goes to the heart
of the Nazi movement.
616
00:46:55,442 --> 00:46:58,445
Germans, don't buy from the Jews!
617
00:46:58,946 --> 00:47:02,199
Don't buy from the Jews!
618
00:47:15,754 --> 00:47:20,175
Free yourselves from Jewry!
619
00:47:29,351 --> 00:47:34,356
Germans!
Free yourselves from Jewry!
620
00:47:34,940 --> 00:47:38,819
Germans, defend yourselves!
Don't buy from the Jews!
621
00:47:39,862 --> 00:47:41,822
"Citizens of the German Reich
622
00:47:41,989 --> 00:47:44,950
"are defined as those
who are of pure German blood
623
00:47:45,117 --> 00:47:47,036
"or kindred stock,
624
00:47:47,202 --> 00:47:51,331
"who are willing
to serve the German Reich
625
00:47:51,498 --> 00:47:54,668
"and the German people.
626
00:47:55,502 --> 00:48:03,135
"Marriages between Jews and Germans
or those of kindred stock
627
00:48:03,302 --> 00:48:05,304
"are forbidden."
628
00:48:33,499 --> 00:48:38,545
SS Major-General Stroop,
in charge of the warsaw Ghetto in 1943,
629
00:48:38,712 --> 00:48:41,173
had learned his Nazi lessons well.
630
00:48:41,340 --> 00:48:43,050
In a secret report, he said:
631
00:48:44,176 --> 00:48:46,470
"On April 23, 1943,
632
00:48:46,637 --> 00:48:48,806
"SS chief Himmler
ordered the complete liquidation
633
00:48:48,972 --> 00:48:51,600
"of the ghetto
with the use of utmost force.
634
00:48:59,566 --> 00:49:03,362
"Therefore, I decided to destroy
the entire Jewish ghetto.
635
00:49:03,904 --> 00:49:06,156
"The Jews nearly always
left their hideouts,
636
00:49:06,323 --> 00:49:08,617
"but quite a few remained
in the burning buildings,
637
00:49:08,784 --> 00:49:12,871
"and jumped out of the windows
only when the heat became unbearable.
638
00:49:20,087 --> 00:49:23,340
"Life in the sewers was intolerable
after the first week.
639
00:49:23,507 --> 00:49:25,968
"Tear gas canisters were thrown
into the manholes
640
00:49:26,135 --> 00:49:28,595
"and the Jews were driven out
and captured.
641
00:49:31,807 --> 00:49:34,226
"Countless numbers of Jews
were liquidated
642
00:49:34,393 --> 00:49:36,812
"in sewers and bunkers
through blasting.
643
00:49:37,396 --> 00:49:39,314
"The longer the resistance continued,
644
00:49:39,481 --> 00:49:42,776
"the tougher the Waffen-SS,
police and Wehrmacht became.
645
00:49:42,943 --> 00:49:46,738
"They always discharged their duties
in a tireless and exemplary manner."
646
00:49:47,948 --> 00:49:52,452
Little by little, the Nazis were reaching
what they called the "Final Solution,"
647
00:49:52,619 --> 00:49:55,414
the total extermination
of the Jews of Europe.
648
00:49:55,581 --> 00:49:58,125
Hoess described the process well:
649
00:49:58,292 --> 00:50:00,878
"We had two SS doctors
on duty at Auschwitz
650
00:50:01,044 --> 00:50:03,797
"to examine incoming
transports of prisoners.
651
00:50:03,964 --> 00:50:06,341
"The prisoners would be marched
past one of the doctors
652
00:50:06,508 --> 00:50:09,261
"who would make spot decisions
as they walked by.
653
00:50:09,595 --> 00:50:12,472
"Those who were fit for work
were sent into the camp.
654
00:50:12,639 --> 00:50:15,934
"Others were sent immediately
to the extermination chambers.
655
00:50:16,435 --> 00:50:20,230
"Children of tender years
were invariably exterminated,
656
00:50:20,480 --> 00:50:24,026
"since by reason of their youth,
they were unfit for work.
657
00:50:24,318 --> 00:50:26,028
"We endeavored
to fool them into thinking
658
00:50:26,195 --> 00:50:28,572
"they were to go through
a de-lousing process.
659
00:50:35,787 --> 00:50:39,041
"It took from 3 to 15 minutes
to kill people in the death chamber,
660
00:50:39,208 --> 00:50:41,752
"depending upon climatic conditions.
661
00:50:42,753 --> 00:50:46,215
"We knew the people were dead
when their shrieking stopped.
662
00:50:49,218 --> 00:50:51,011
"We usually waited about a 1/2 hour
663
00:50:51,178 --> 00:50:53,847
"before we opened the doors
and removed the bodies.
664
00:50:54,014 --> 00:50:57,684
"After the bodies were removed, our
special commandos took off the rings
665
00:50:57,851 --> 00:51:01,146
"and extracted the gold
from the teeth of the corpses."
666
00:51:03,607 --> 00:51:07,361
Much of this loot was then transferred
to secret vaults of the Reichsbank
667
00:51:07,527 --> 00:51:11,740
at Frankfurt am Main,
the bank of defendant Funk.
668
00:51:23,877 --> 00:51:26,880
Labor chief Robert Ley
knew that six million Jews
669
00:51:27,047 --> 00:51:29,299
died in the Nazis' "Final Solution."
670
00:51:29,800 --> 00:51:31,843
In his final words, he wrote:
671
00:51:32,010 --> 00:51:37,057
"With our anti-Semitism, we violated
a basic commandment of God's creation.
672
00:51:37,474 --> 00:51:39,643
"It is hard to admit mistakes,
673
00:51:39,810 --> 00:51:42,813
"but the existence
of our entire nation is at stake.
674
00:51:43,313 --> 00:51:46,191
"We must have the courage
to rid ourselves of anti-Semitism.
675
00:51:47,526 --> 00:51:51,029
"God has taught me that
in my cell in Nuremberg."
676
00:51:57,869 --> 00:52:01,039
And defendant Frank said himself,
before this court:
677
00:52:01,206 --> 00:52:03,834
"For years,
we have fought against Jewry,
678
00:52:04,001 --> 00:52:06,878
"and have allowed ourselves
to say terrible things.
679
00:52:07,212 --> 00:52:09,131
"A thousand years may pass,
680
00:52:09,298 --> 00:52:12,009
"but the guilt of Germany
will not have been erased."
681
00:52:23,478 --> 00:52:25,731
The prosecution rests.
682
00:52:26,773 --> 00:52:28,900
The defense begins.
683
00:52:29,401 --> 00:52:31,278
They call 61 witnesses
684
00:52:31,445 --> 00:52:35,073
and introduce 38,000 affidavits
on the defendants' behalf.
685
00:52:35,824 --> 00:52:40,162
They submit 136,000 more affidavits
on behalf of the SS,
686
00:52:40,329 --> 00:52:42,372
10,000 on behalf of the SA,
687
00:52:42,539 --> 00:52:44,916
7,000 on behalf of the SD,
688
00:52:45,083 --> 00:52:48,420
3,000 on behalf of the general staff
and High Command,
689
00:52:48,587 --> 00:52:50,589
2,000 on behalf of the Gestapo.
690
00:52:52,466 --> 00:52:55,510
These attorneys were personally
selected by the defendants.
691
00:52:56,011 --> 00:52:58,138
Many are well-known German lawyers,
692
00:52:58,847 --> 00:53:02,100
and each now rises
to plead acquittal for his client.
693
00:53:03,852 --> 00:53:07,064
Some make blanket denials of all guilt.
694
00:53:08,565 --> 00:53:13,612
Some of the defendants had,
without doubt, great power
695
00:53:14,071 --> 00:53:17,824
in their own spheres,
areas which did not interest Hitler.
696
00:53:18,241 --> 00:53:22,287
In the big decisions
concerning war and peace,
697
00:53:22,454 --> 00:53:26,416
ceasefires, peace negotiations,
and so on,
698
00:53:26,583 --> 00:53:28,752
they had no say whatsoever.
699
00:53:30,337 --> 00:53:34,424
Other attorneys lead their clients
through a carefully-prepared defense.
700
00:53:36,218 --> 00:53:38,136
Here, Streicher is examined.
701
00:53:39,805 --> 00:53:45,519
The prosecution has stated that
Himmler and Kaltenbrunner
702
00:53:45,769 --> 00:53:49,940
would have had no one
to carry out their orders to kill
703
00:53:50,107 --> 00:53:52,359
without your propaganda,
704
00:53:52,526 --> 00:53:57,197
and without your teaching
the German people to think in this way.
705
00:53:58,740 --> 00:54:05,747
I don't believe those who
were given the Führer's order to kill,
706
00:54:07,249 --> 00:54:09,751
or to order killings,
707
00:54:09,918 --> 00:54:13,713
could have been made to do so
by my periodical.
708
00:54:15,132 --> 00:54:20,011
Hitler's book, "Mein Kampf," existed,
709
00:54:20,387 --> 00:54:23,765
and the contents of that book
were the authority.
710
00:54:24,683 --> 00:54:26,476
Next comes Kaltenbrunner.
711
00:54:26,893 --> 00:54:32,315
You are accused of establishing
the Mauthausen concentration camp,
712
00:54:33,108 --> 00:54:36,445
and of visiting this camp regularly.
713
00:54:36,611 --> 00:54:45,745
The witness Hoellriegel testified
to seeing you in this camp, and
714
00:54:45,912 --> 00:54:50,459
to seeing you inspect
the gas chambers
715
00:54:50,625 --> 00:54:54,421
while they were in operation.
716
00:54:57,257 --> 00:54:58,884
The testimony is wrong.
717
00:54:59,676 --> 00:55:04,681
Every concentration camp in the Reich,
and I know this quite precisely,
718
00:55:04,848 --> 00:55:11,521
was established by Himmler
through Pohl.
719
00:55:13,648 --> 00:55:18,320
Later the prosecution is allowed
to cross-examine the defendants.
720
00:55:19,321 --> 00:55:21,156
Rosenberg is questioned.
721
00:55:24,993 --> 00:55:27,454
With respect to this forced labor matter,
722
00:55:28,622 --> 00:55:31,500
would you say that
your ministry was responsible
723
00:55:31,666 --> 00:55:34,002
for forcing people
from their homes into Germany?
724
00:55:34,169 --> 00:55:36,421
It is true that force was used,
725
00:55:37,047 --> 00:55:40,300
and it cannot be denied
that there were abuses.
726
00:55:40,675 --> 00:55:43,094
In fact, some terrible abuses.
727
00:55:44,179 --> 00:55:46,264
Now Raeder takes the stand.
728
00:55:46,932 --> 00:55:49,309
When you came to the 23rd of May
729
00:55:49,476 --> 00:55:52,062
and went to the Reich's Chancellery,
730
00:55:52,229 --> 00:55:55,440
and Hitler said that
he'd give you an indoctrination
731
00:55:55,607 --> 00:55:57,442
on the political situation,
732
00:55:57,776 --> 00:56:01,112
and his indoctrination was
that we are left with the decision
733
00:56:01,279 --> 00:56:04,533
to attack Poland
at the first opportunity.
734
00:56:04,699 --> 00:56:07,827
Did you still think that he had
no aggressive intention?
735
00:56:07,994 --> 00:56:10,247
I believed this for much longer.
736
00:56:10,413 --> 00:56:13,416
Just as General Jodl said,
737
00:56:13,583 --> 00:56:18,547
after Hitler solved the Czech problem
by purely political means,
738
00:56:18,713 --> 00:56:24,636
there was hope he would solve
the issue of Poland without bloodshed.
739
00:56:24,803 --> 00:56:31,518
And I believed that up until
the last moment, the 22nd of August.
740
00:56:33,144 --> 00:56:34,896
Keitel is cross-examined.
741
00:56:36,189 --> 00:56:39,025
Yesterday your attorney
showed you this order,
742
00:56:39,192 --> 00:56:41,987
dated September 16, 1941.
743
00:56:43,613 --> 00:56:46,700
It said that immediate,
cruel measures were necessary,
744
00:56:46,866 --> 00:56:50,662
and that human life
in the East is absolutely worthless.
745
00:56:51,871 --> 00:56:54,749
Do you remember
the basic idea behind this order
746
00:56:54,916 --> 00:56:57,335
that human life is worthless?
747
00:56:59,462 --> 00:57:00,880
Please answer the question.
748
00:57:01,423 --> 00:57:03,925
You signed this order
with this statement?
749
00:57:05,468 --> 00:57:06,636
Yes!
750
00:57:08,888 --> 00:57:09,973
Next, Jodl.
751
00:57:11,308 --> 00:57:14,686
Do you remember any other reason
for such a high mortality rate
752
00:57:14,853 --> 00:57:17,022
among Soviet prisoners of war?
753
00:57:19,190 --> 00:57:23,194
I knew nothing about the reasons
for the massive death rates,
754
00:57:23,361 --> 00:57:28,033
but the figures are totally incorrect.
That I do know.
755
00:57:30,285 --> 00:57:32,287
Now, von Ribbentrop.
756
00:57:32,746 --> 00:57:36,333
Question: Are you telling
the Tribunal on your oath
757
00:57:36,499 --> 00:57:40,587
that you knew nothing of the effect
of military pressure on Austria?
758
00:57:41,755 --> 00:57:47,677
I wish to stress again I knew nothing
about the military measures,
759
00:57:48,511 --> 00:57:51,473
and I see no reason, had I known,
760
00:57:51,640 --> 00:57:54,559
why I would not have said something.
761
00:57:54,726 --> 00:57:57,854
But, in the days before the meeting
762
00:57:58,021 --> 00:58:01,191
between the Führer and Schuschnigg,
763
00:58:01,358 --> 00:58:04,861
and in the days after,
I was so occupied
764
00:58:05,028 --> 00:58:09,699
with all the work
of taking over the Foreign Ministry
765
00:58:09,866 --> 00:58:14,663
that I could pay only scant attention
to the Austrian problem.
766
00:58:16,456 --> 00:58:18,667
Then Goering is cross-examined.
767
00:58:19,250 --> 00:58:23,922
Question: At the end of the meeting,
you used the following words, didn't you?
768
00:58:24,839 --> 00:58:29,427
"German Jewry must as a penalty
forfeit one billion marks.
769
00:58:29,719 --> 00:58:32,430
"Then the pigs won't commit
any more crimes."
770
00:58:33,890 --> 00:58:35,433
Yes!
771
00:58:37,435 --> 00:58:40,563
Question: Do you still say
that neither Hitler nor you
772
00:58:40,730 --> 00:58:43,400
knew of the policy
to exterminate the Jews?
773
00:58:44,818 --> 00:58:47,821
As concerns my role,
as I have already stated,
774
00:58:47,987 --> 00:58:53,284
I had not the slightest idea this thing
would take on such proportions.
775
00:58:54,369 --> 00:58:57,789
Question: You did not know
to what degree,
776
00:58:57,956 --> 00:58:59,749
but you knew there was a policy
777
00:58:59,916 --> 00:59:02,585
that aimed at
the liquidation of the Jews?
778
00:59:03,128 --> 00:59:07,257
No, of the emigration of the Jews,
not of their eradication.
779
00:59:08,425 --> 00:59:14,639
I knew only of cases where
certain excesses had occurred.
780
00:59:15,473 --> 00:59:17,267
Speer takes the stand.
781
00:59:17,934 --> 00:59:21,980
Question: You were present
on April 23, 1945,
782
00:59:22,689 --> 00:59:25,108
when Hitler received
the telegram from Goering,
783
00:59:25,358 --> 00:59:27,610
suggesting that he take over power.
784
00:59:28,528 --> 00:59:31,114
What did Hitler say on that occasion?
785
00:59:31,948 --> 00:59:36,077
Hitler was quite upset
about the content of this telegram,
786
00:59:36,244 --> 00:59:42,459
and expressed himself
in very clear terms about Goering.
787
00:59:42,625 --> 00:59:46,337
He said he had known for a long time
that Goering had failed,
788
00:59:46,504 --> 00:59:50,759
that he was corrupt,
and a morphine addict.
789
00:59:50,925 --> 00:59:56,055
But in a telling illustration of
Hitler's entire attitude,
790
00:59:56,222 --> 00:59:58,433
he finally said:
791
00:59:59,392 --> 01:00:02,187
"But Goering can negotiate
the surrender anyway."
792
01:00:02,353 --> 01:00:04,939
He added in an offhand manner:
793
01:00:05,231 --> 01:00:07,817
"It really doesn't matter who does Lt."
794
01:00:07,984 --> 01:00:10,487
The way he said this indicated
795
01:00:10,737 --> 01:00:13,323
his disregard for the German nation.
796
01:00:14,407 --> 01:00:17,243
After months of examination
and cross-examination,
797
01:00:17,410 --> 01:00:20,580
several defendants make final
statements to the Tribunal.
798
01:00:21,289 --> 01:00:22,415
Frank is first.
799
01:00:22,582 --> 01:00:26,711
Speaking from my deepest feelings,
800
01:00:26,878 --> 01:00:30,799
and from the experience
of five months of this trial,
801
01:00:30,965 --> 01:00:32,634
I wish to emphasize that,
802
01:00:32,801 --> 01:00:38,890
having gained a final insight into
the dreadful atrocities that took place,
803
01:00:39,057 --> 01:00:44,604
I have the feeling of a deep guilt
inside of me.
804
01:00:46,147 --> 01:00:47,148
Funk declares:
805
01:00:47,899 --> 01:00:54,239
As I was accused of these measures
of terror and violence against the Jews,
806
01:00:54,405 --> 01:00:57,659
I suffered a psychological breakdown.
807
01:00:57,826 --> 01:01:01,955
Because in that moment,
I came to the realization
808
01:01:02,121 --> 01:01:09,045
that these measures
led to horrendous and terrible acts
809
01:01:09,212 --> 01:01:12,549
of which we have been hearing,
810
01:01:12,715 --> 01:01:17,303
and of which I knew only a little
at the time of my imprisonment.
811
01:01:18,096 --> 01:01:22,642
I felt a deep shame
and a terrible guilt,
812
01:01:22,809 --> 01:01:26,271
and I still feel this now.
813
01:01:28,064 --> 01:01:29,899
Now von Schirach speaks.
814
01:01:30,233 --> 01:01:34,237
My guilt is that
I trained German youth
815
01:01:34,404 --> 01:01:38,324
to serve a man
who committed millions of murders.
816
01:01:39,534 --> 01:01:40,618
Schacht is next.
817
01:01:40,827 --> 01:01:49,127
He broke all the promises he made
to the German people, and thus to me.
818
01:01:50,962 --> 01:01:56,759
He upheld nothing. He promised
equal rights for all citizens,
819
01:01:56,926 --> 01:02:01,764
but he put his followers,
regardless of their qualifications,
820
01:02:03,224 --> 01:02:06,185
above all the other citizens.
821
01:02:08,146 --> 01:02:12,525
He promised to fight
against political lies,
822
01:02:12,692 --> 01:02:16,946
but he, himself,
and his minister, Goebbels,
823
01:02:17,530 --> 01:02:23,745
did nothing but spread
political lies and political swindles.
824
01:02:24,996 --> 01:02:31,419
He promised the German people
he would honor Christianity,
825
01:02:31,586 --> 01:02:38,676
but he shamed and betrayed
the institution of the Church.
826
01:02:39,427 --> 01:02:44,599
He freed criminals
and took them into his service.
827
01:02:44,766 --> 01:02:51,689
He did everything to avoid
keeping his promises.
828
01:02:51,856 --> 01:02:56,861
He deceived the world,
Germany and me.
829
01:02:57,570 --> 01:02:59,030
Speer, once more.
830
01:02:59,364 --> 01:03:03,534
The terrible danger
of the authoritarian system
831
01:03:04,035 --> 01:03:09,082
only became clear
as we got closer to the end.
832
01:03:10,291 --> 01:03:13,419
In this moment,
we could see the implication of
833
01:03:13,586 --> 01:03:18,591
what it means to follow orders blindly.
834
01:03:20,551 --> 01:03:23,846
Everything that has come out
here at the trial...
835
01:03:24,472 --> 01:03:26,265
about our system of orders,
836
01:03:26,432 --> 01:03:31,479
carried out without question,
837
01:03:31,646 --> 01:03:35,650
turned out, in the end,
to be a mistake.
838
01:03:35,817 --> 01:03:40,238
That is why this trial
must contribute to the prevention
839
01:03:40,405 --> 01:03:44,409
of such destructive wars in the future
840
01:03:44,575 --> 01:03:49,580
and to the establishment
of principles for human cooperation.
841
01:03:50,540 --> 01:03:51,624
And Keitel, again.
842
01:03:51,791 --> 01:03:53,543
I erred.
843
01:03:55,044 --> 01:04:01,718
I was not able to prevent
that which should have been prevented.
844
01:04:02,510 --> 01:04:04,887
That is my guilt.
845
01:04:05,680 --> 01:04:08,683
May a clear acknowledgement
846
01:04:08,975 --> 01:04:15,898
of the unholy methods
and frightful consequences of this war
847
01:04:17,567 --> 01:04:23,072
awaken in the German people
a new hope
848
01:04:23,239 --> 01:04:27,785
for a better future
in the community of nations.
849
01:04:30,955 --> 01:04:32,081
Now, Frank.
850
01:04:32,331 --> 01:04:36,586
We call on the German people,
whose representatives we were,
851
01:04:37,086 --> 01:04:43,593
to abandon this path,
which by God's will and judgment,
852
01:04:43,760 --> 01:04:45,553
was doomed to failure,
853
01:04:45,720 --> 01:04:51,434
and which will damn anyone
who tries to follow it,
854
01:04:52,143 --> 01:04:55,521
anywhere in the world.
855
01:04:56,314 --> 01:04:58,274
The last defendant to speak
is Fritzsche.
856
01:04:58,566 --> 01:05:02,862
You did not expect
anything good from Hitler
857
01:05:03,029 --> 01:05:07,492
and you are dismayed by the extent
of what really happened.
858
01:05:07,658 --> 01:05:12,121
So try to understand
the indignation of those
859
01:05:13,748 --> 01:05:16,667
who did expect
something good from Hitler,
860
01:05:17,043 --> 01:05:22,381
who have seen how
their good faith, their good will,
861
01:05:22,548 --> 01:05:25,802
and their idealism were betrayed.
862
01:05:27,762 --> 01:05:34,644
I am one of these betrayed,
along with many, many other Germans.
863
01:05:36,562 --> 01:05:40,650
Finally, the summations
are delivered to the Tribunal.
864
01:05:41,067 --> 01:05:42,568
First, the defense.
865
01:05:43,778 --> 01:05:48,533
An aggressor can be branded
only by the world's conscience.
866
01:05:48,699 --> 01:05:52,578
This supreme organ of humanity
must have, not only actual,
867
01:05:52,745 --> 01:05:55,581
but also moral authority.
868
01:05:55,748 --> 01:06:00,419
Its impartial judgment
must be trusted by all.
869
01:06:02,505 --> 01:06:05,424
Then, in the name
of the United States of America,
870
01:06:05,591 --> 01:06:08,344
Justice Jackson
delivers his summation.
871
01:06:11,514 --> 01:06:14,350
In the testimony of each defendant,
872
01:06:14,517 --> 01:06:17,728
these men saw no evil, spoke none,
873
01:06:17,895 --> 01:06:20,356
and none was uttered
in their presence.
874
01:06:20,773 --> 01:06:24,026
If we combine only the stories
of the front bench,
875
01:06:24,193 --> 01:06:28,865
this is the ridiculous composite picture
of Hitler's government that emerges:
876
01:06:29,866 --> 01:06:32,243
It was composed of a Number 2 man
877
01:06:32,493 --> 01:06:35,955
who never suspected
the Jewish extermination program,
878
01:06:36,122 --> 01:06:39,375
although he was the signer
of over a score of decrees,
879
01:06:39,542 --> 01:06:42,503
which instituted
the persecutions of that race.
880
01:06:42,753 --> 01:06:46,299
A Number 3 man who was
merely an innocent middle man,
881
01:06:46,465 --> 01:06:49,427
transmitting Hitler's orders
without even reading them,
882
01:06:49,594 --> 01:06:52,263
like a postman or a delivery boy.
883
01:06:54,599 --> 01:06:57,393
A foreign minister
who knew little of foreign affairs,
884
01:06:57,560 --> 01:07:00,021
and nothing of foreign policy.
885
01:07:02,190 --> 01:07:04,984
A field marshal who issued
orders to the armed forces,
886
01:07:05,151 --> 01:07:09,363
but had no idea of the results
they would have in practice.
887
01:07:12,783 --> 01:07:17,747
A security chief who was of the
impression that the policing functions
888
01:07:17,914 --> 01:07:22,793
of his Gestapo and SD were somewhat
on the order of directing traffic.
889
01:07:23,419 --> 01:07:26,464
A Party philosopher
who had no idea
890
01:07:26,631 --> 01:07:31,636
of the violence which his philosophy
was inciting in the 20th Century.
891
01:07:33,137 --> 01:07:37,058
A governor general of Poland
who reigned but did not rule.
892
01:07:39,268 --> 01:07:41,229
A Gauleiter of Franconia
893
01:07:41,395 --> 01:07:45,691
whose occupation was to pour forth
filthy writings about the Jews,
894
01:07:45,858 --> 01:07:48,986
but who had no idea
that anybody would read them.
895
01:07:52,365 --> 01:07:54,617
A minister of the interior
896
01:07:55,243 --> 01:07:58,246
who knew not even what went on
in the interior of his own office,
897
01:07:58,412 --> 01:08:00,790
much less the interior
of his department,
898
01:08:00,957 --> 01:08:04,168
and nothing at all
about the interior of Germany.
899
01:08:05,670 --> 01:08:07,380
A Reichsbank president
900
01:08:07,546 --> 01:08:11,467
who was totally ignorant of what
went in and out of the vaults of his bank.
901
01:08:13,761 --> 01:08:17,640
If you were to say of these men
that they are not guilty,
902
01:08:18,349 --> 01:08:22,061
it would be as true to say that
there has been no war,
903
01:08:22,561 --> 01:08:24,605
that there are no slain,
904
01:08:24,772 --> 01:08:27,400
that there has been no crime.
905
01:08:28,359 --> 01:08:33,364
This trial must form a milestone
in the history of civilization,
906
01:08:33,531 --> 01:08:38,703
not only marking that right shall
in the end triumph over evil,
907
01:08:38,869 --> 01:08:42,373
but also that the ordinary people
of the world,
908
01:08:42,540 --> 01:08:46,961
and I make no distinction now
between friend and foe,
909
01:08:47,378 --> 01:08:52,466
are now determined that the individual
must transcend the state.
910
01:08:52,717 --> 01:08:56,637
The state and the law
are made for man,
911
01:08:56,971 --> 01:09:00,182
that through them,
he may achieve a fuller life,
912
01:09:00,349 --> 01:09:03,602
a higher purpose,
a greater dignity.
913
01:09:05,062 --> 01:09:07,815
In the name of the Union
of Soviet Socialist Republics,
914
01:09:07,982 --> 01:09:10,568
General Rudenko
delivers his summation.
915
01:09:10,943 --> 01:09:12,403
We now ask,
916
01:09:12,570 --> 01:09:16,907
Were the charges against
the defendants proved before the Court?
917
01:09:17,074 --> 01:09:18,743
Has their guilt been proved?
918
01:09:19,452 --> 01:09:23,205
There is only one answer
to this question.
919
01:09:23,372 --> 01:09:25,499
These crimes have been proved.
920
01:09:26,083 --> 01:09:31,130
They cannot be refuted,
either by the defendants' testimony
921
01:09:31,297 --> 01:09:33,674
or by the arguments of the defense.
922
01:09:34,717 --> 01:09:38,846
They are irrefutable because
it is impossible to refute the truth,
923
01:09:40,097 --> 01:09:45,353
and truth is
the durable result of this trial,
924
01:09:45,519 --> 01:09:49,815
the consequence
of our long and persistent efforts.
925
01:09:51,025 --> 01:09:52,818
In the name of the French Republic,
926
01:09:52,985 --> 01:09:55,780
Monsieur Antoine de Ribes
delivers his summation.
927
01:09:55,946 --> 01:09:57,323
Tomorrow...
928
01:09:58,824 --> 01:10:01,327
with this international
tribunal concluded,
929
01:10:03,120 --> 01:10:06,540
and these principal war criminals
condemned,
930
01:10:07,875 --> 01:10:10,169
we will return to our countries.
931
01:10:10,336 --> 01:10:14,340
The fate of these men depends
entirely on your conscience.
932
01:10:14,882 --> 01:10:16,300
This goes beyond us.
933
01:10:16,467 --> 01:10:18,260
Our task is finished.
934
01:10:23,265 --> 01:10:27,311
Now it is time for you to hear,
in the silence of your deliberations,
935
01:10:27,812 --> 01:10:30,898
the blood of the innocents
crying for justice.
936
01:10:44,161 --> 01:10:46,914
Lord Justice Geoffrey Lawrence,
Great Britain,
937
01:10:47,623 --> 01:10:50,167
Mr. Francis Biddle, United States,
938
01:10:51,419 --> 01:10:53,963
Monsieur Henri de Vabres, France,
939
01:10:54,755 --> 01:10:57,675
Major General Iona Nikitchenko, USSR,
940
01:10:57,842 --> 01:11:00,177
and their alternates
prepare the verdict.
941
01:11:00,719 --> 01:11:03,347
It will be based on the opinion
of the majority.
942
01:11:30,749 --> 01:11:35,504
On October 1, 1946, the verdict
is delivered by Lord Justice Lawrence,
943
01:11:35,671 --> 01:11:37,590
president of the Tribunal.
944
01:11:41,469 --> 01:11:45,723
Of the organizations,
the SS, SD, Gestapo
945
01:11:45,890 --> 01:11:48,517
and Leadership Corps are found guilty.
946
01:11:49,977 --> 01:11:54,773
The High Command, SA,
and Reich Cabinet: Not guilty.
947
01:11:55,524 --> 01:11:56,817
As for the individuals,
948
01:11:57,818 --> 01:11:59,653
Hermann Goering:
949
01:12:00,696 --> 01:12:03,991
guilty of conspiracy,
crimes against peace,
950
01:12:04,158 --> 01:12:07,161
war crimes,
and crimes against humanity.
951
01:12:08,412 --> 01:12:10,039
Death by hanging.
952
01:12:10,873 --> 01:12:12,291
Rudolf Hess:
953
01:12:13,459 --> 01:12:16,629
guilty of conspiracy
and crimes against peace.
954
01:12:17,713 --> 01:12:19,256
Life imprisonment.
955
01:12:20,257 --> 01:12:22,218
Joachim von Ribbentrop:
956
01:12:23,135 --> 01:12:26,472
guilty of conspiracy,
crimes against peace,
957
01:12:26,931 --> 01:12:29,642
war crimes,
and crimes against humanity.
958
01:12:30,392 --> 01:12:32,019
Death by hanging.
959
01:12:33,771 --> 01:12:35,397
Wilhelm Keitel:
960
01:12:36,273 --> 01:12:39,860
guilty of conspiracy,
crimes against peace,
961
01:12:40,194 --> 01:12:43,280
war crimes,
and crimes against humanity.
962
01:12:44,740 --> 01:12:46,116
Death by hanging.
963
01:12:47,201 --> 01:12:48,994
Ernst Kaltenbrunner:
964
01:12:49,203 --> 01:12:52,748
guilty of war crimes
and crimes against humanity.
965
01:12:54,041 --> 01:12:55,584
Death by hanging.
966
01:12:57,294 --> 01:12:59,088
Alfred Rosenberg:
967
01:13:00,047 --> 01:13:03,509
guilty of conspiracy,
crimes against peace,
968
01:13:03,676 --> 01:13:06,637
war crimes,
and crimes against humanity.
969
01:13:08,097 --> 01:13:09,682
Death by hanging.
970
01:13:10,558 --> 01:13:12,101
Hans Frank:
971
01:13:12,851 --> 01:13:16,188
guilty of war crimes
and crimes against humanity.
972
01:13:17,147 --> 01:13:18,649
Death by hanging.
973
01:13:19,191 --> 01:13:20,651
Wilhelm Frick:
974
01:13:22,653 --> 01:13:27,283
guilty of crimes against peace, war
crimes, and crimes against humanity.
975
01:13:28,409 --> 01:13:29,827
Death by hanging.
976
01:13:30,995 --> 01:13:32,329
Julius Streicher:
977
01:13:33,497 --> 01:13:35,749
guilty of crimes against humanity.
978
01:13:36,417 --> 01:13:37,876
Death by hanging.
979
01:13:39,044 --> 01:13:40,296
Walter Funk:
980
01:13:40,879 --> 01:13:46,010
guilty of crimes against peace, war
crimes, and crimes against humanity.
981
01:13:47,261 --> 01:13:48,887
Life imprisonment.
982
01:13:49,930 --> 01:13:51,432
Hjalmar Schacht:
983
01:13:51,807 --> 01:13:54,310
not guilty on this indictment.
Released.
984
01:13:55,060 --> 01:13:56,687
Karl Doenitz:
985
01:13:57,354 --> 01:14:00,649
guilty of crimes against peace,
and war crimes.
986
01:14:01,358 --> 01:14:03,235
10 years imprisonment.
987
01:14:04,194 --> 01:14:05,613
Erich Raeder:
988
01:14:05,779 --> 01:14:10,492
guilty of conspiracy, crimes
against peace, and war crimes.
989
01:14:10,826 --> 01:14:12,494
Life imprisonment.
990
01:14:13,287 --> 01:14:14,747
Baldur von Schirach:
991
01:14:15,998 --> 01:14:18,334
guilty of crimes against humanity.
992
01:14:18,917 --> 01:14:20,836
20 years imprisonment.
993
01:14:22,254 --> 01:14:23,631
Fritz Sauckel:
994
01:14:24,590 --> 01:14:28,260
guilty of war crimes
and crimes against humanity.
995
01:14:29,011 --> 01:14:30,596
Death by hanging.
996
01:14:32,056 --> 01:14:33,557
Alfred Jodl:
997
01:14:34,558 --> 01:14:38,187
guilty of conspiracy,
crimes against peace,
998
01:14:38,687 --> 01:14:41,565
war crimes,
and crimes against humanity.
999
01:14:42,441 --> 01:14:43,942
Death by hanging.
1000
01:14:45,361 --> 01:14:46,779
Franz von Papen:
1001
01:14:46,945 --> 01:14:49,823
not guilty on this indictment.
Released.
1002
01:14:50,616 --> 01:14:52,201
Albert Speer:
1003
01:14:53,744 --> 01:14:56,914
guilty of war crimes
and crimes against humanity.
1004
01:14:57,706 --> 01:14:59,541
20 years imprisonment.
1005
01:15:00,542 --> 01:15:02,544
Konstantin von Neurath:
1006
01:15:03,629 --> 01:15:07,508
guilty of conspiracy,
crimes against peace,
1007
01:15:08,175 --> 01:15:11,136
war crimes,
and crimes against humanity.
1008
01:15:11,637 --> 01:15:13,764
15 years imprisonment.
1009
01:15:14,890 --> 01:15:16,892
Arthur Seyss-Inquart:
1010
01:15:18,602 --> 01:15:20,521
crimes against peace,
1011
01:15:20,688 --> 01:15:23,857
war crimes,
and crimes against humanity.
1012
01:15:24,942 --> 01:15:26,527
Death by hanging.
1013
01:15:27,528 --> 01:15:29,154
Hans Fritzsche:
1014
01:15:29,738 --> 01:15:32,741
not guilty on this indictment.
Released.
1015
01:15:33,575 --> 01:15:34,952
Martin Bormann,
1016
01:15:35,119 --> 01:15:36,912
tried in absentia:
1017
01:15:37,204 --> 01:15:40,582
guilty of war crimes
and crimes against humanity.
1018
01:15:41,333 --> 01:15:42,918
Death by hanging.
1019
01:15:48,048 --> 01:15:50,092
The trial is over.
1020
01:16:05,649 --> 01:16:07,693
Seven begin their prison sentences.
1021
01:16:10,571 --> 01:16:13,282
Goering chooses to die
by his own hand.
1022
01:16:13,615 --> 01:16:16,201
The other ten wait for the gallows.
1023
01:16:32,426 --> 01:16:36,889
In Nuremberg, the people of the world
found out what happened and why.
1024
01:16:39,391 --> 01:16:42,519
But Nuremberg is more
than an answer to a question.
1025
01:16:43,979 --> 01:16:46,398
As Justice Jackson said:
1026
01:16:48,609 --> 01:16:52,404
This trial is part of the great effort
to make the peace more secure.
1027
01:16:52,571 --> 01:16:55,199
It constitutes juridical action
of a kind to ensure
1028
01:16:55,365 --> 01:16:59,119
that those who start a war
will pay for it personally.
1029
01:16:59,536 --> 01:17:01,163
Nuremberg stands as a warning
1030
01:17:01,330 --> 01:17:04,708
to all those who plan and wage
aggressive war.